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- <text id=93TT0084>
- <title>
- Oct. 25, 1993: They Gave Peace A Chance
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1993
- Oct. 25, 1993 All The Rage:Angry Young Rockers
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- NOBEL PRIZES, Page 45
- Thet Gave Peace A Chance
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Mandela and De Klerk are honored for bringing South Africa to
- the brink of freedom for all
- </p>
- <p>By RICHARD STENGEL--Reported by Peter Hawthorne/Cape Town and Scott MacLeod/Johannesburg
- </p>
- <p> A venerable school of historiography holds that great men and
- women make history, not that history makes great men and women.
- It is still a chicken-and-egg argument: Who or which comes first,
- the revolution or the revolutionary, the reformer or the reformation,
- the parade or the person leading it?
- </p>
- <p> The awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize last week to Nelson Mandela,
- president of the African National Congress, and F.W. de Klerk,
- President of the Republic of South Africa, bolsters both sides
- of this timeworn debate. De Klerk is pre-eminently an individual
- who has been pushed forward by the tide of events, a man of
- conservative bent who has been prodded by historical forces
- to act progressively, even boldly. It is not implausible to
- argue that whoever succeeded P.W. Botha as President of South
- Africa would have been compelled to release Nelson Mandela,
- dismantle the apparatus of apartheid and pave the way to the
- promised land of one-man, one-vote elections.
- </p>
- <p> For his part, Nelson Mandela has always taken the path of most
- resistance. The son of a Thembu chief, Mandela was groomed to
- be a traditional tribal leader but chose instead to become an
- outlaw in his own land, a man who fought an iniquitous system,
- not one who abided by it. During the 27 years he was imprisoned
- by a repressive white minority government, he kept a vision
- of a nonracist, color-blind society in which white and black
- lived together in harmony. During his imprisonment, it was he
- who first stretched out the hand of peace to the government
- that deprived him of freedom. In the more than three years since
- his release, he has remained true to that vision, preaching
- reconciliation where others advocated revenge, advocating compromise
- where others preached intransigence. Although he never fails
- to emphasize that he is part of a collective leadership, Nelson
- Mandela in his proud, insistent, fatherly way has shaped history
- even as it shaped him.
- </p>
- <p> For the moment, however, it does not matter much who is the
- driver and who the passenger, for these two leaders have been
- bound together by historical circumstances. The Afrikaner incrementalist
- and the African radical are locked in a symbiotic relationship
- in which each needs the other to create a new South Africa.
- To beget a democratic country, De Klerk and Mandela must bring
- their respective and historically antagonistic followers to
- the table of accommodation. The prize seals that partnership.
- </p>
- <p> To South Africans it may seem an odd time to award a peace prize
- to two native sons. The country is in the midst of an orgy of
- political violence that shows no sign of abating. The negotiating
- process over which Mandela and De Klerk have presided like detached
- yet querulous gods is, often on the verge of anarchy. Though
- an election date is set, few in South Africa believe it is written
- in stone. Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi, the political leader of
- the Zulu nation, is boycotting the talks, and the new Freedom
- Alliance, of which he is part, threatens to disrupt the elections.
- The right-wing Afrikaner Volksfront is calling for an autonomous
- white homeland and a halt to the election process. No doubt
- the Nobel committee is trying to nudge history a bit itself.
- </p>
- <p> There is a bitterness among black South Africans that Mandela
- has to share the award with De Klerk. The President may be the
- man who freed Mandela, but to most blacks his is still the face
- of the oppressor, the leader of the South African Defense Force,
- which only last week staged a raid against alleged African terrorists
- in the Transkei that killed five youths. Mandela has frequently
- derided De Klerk as a man who "talks peace while making war,"
- accusing him of being responsible--directly or indirectly--for the political violence in South Africa. At his press
- conference in Johannesburg to acknowledge the award, Mandela
- was asked what De Klerk had done to deserve it. "Just ask the
- Nobel Peace Prize committee," Mandela replied. The freedom fighter
- at 75 has retreated a great distance from his initial description
- of De Klerk as "a man of integrity." De Klerk is now simply
- the man he must do business with.
- </p>
- <p> The award has mixed consequences for both men. De Klerk, 57,
- must worry about the Jan Smuts syndrome. Smuts was the World
- War II Prime Minister of South Africa who was lionized abroad
- and discredited at home. Afrikaans-speaking whites are an insular
- tribe, and they turned out the urbane field marshal in 1948
- for not attending to his own people. De Klerk's popularity is
- lower now than ever before. It has dropped steadily since he
- triumphed in the nationwide whites-only referendum on negotiations
- for a new constitution enfranchising blacks last year. A recent
- poll showed that only 32% of Afrikaners regarded De Klerk as
- their true leader, while 36% preferred a variety of right-wingers.
- To the people he needs most, the award is a sign not of his
- constancy but of his perfidy.
- </p>
- <p> Mandela must worry about the Chief Luthuli complex. Luthuli
- was the leader of the A.N.C. who was awarded the Nobel Peace
- Prize in 1960 at the very moment the A.N.C. was turning to armed
- struggle. Even as he was receiving the award, Luthuli, noble,
- stalwart, unshakable, was yesterday's man. That is how some
- of today's young lions in the townships see Mandela. They do
- not like Mandela's sharing even a podium with De Klerk, for
- to them sharing means equating, and De Klerk is the enemy. It
- is these young people who are restless with the snail's pace
- of change, who wonder why freedom must be negotiated at all.
- </p>
- <p> This would not be the first time the Nobel Peace Prize was premature.
- Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho won the award in 1973, but the
- fighting in Vietnam continued for two more years. Gorbachev
- got the prize in 1990, shortly before he was overtaken by events
- he could not control. In this case, perhaps, the award will
- be a harbinger and will prop up its recipients and the peace
- process. Neither man can afford for his counterpart to fail.
- De Klerk's fragility does not gratify Mandela. The skepticism
- of Mandela's left wing does not comfort De Klerk. History shows
- that the weaker the negotiating partners, the weaker the peace
- negotiated. For Mandela, who emerged unbowed after nearly three
- decades in prison, the award is a vindication of the past; for
- De Klerk, more politician than statesman, the prize might just
- show the way into the future.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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